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Frog is an integration of memory-based naturallanguage processing (NLP) modules developed for Dutch. All NLP modules arebased on Timbl, the Tilburg memory-based learning software package. Mostmodules were created in the 1990s at the ILK Research Group (TilburgUniversity, the Netherlands) and the CLiPS Research Centre (University ofAntwerp, Belgium). Over the years they have been integrated into a single textprocessing tool, which is currently maintained and developed by the Language Machines Research Group and the Centre for Language and Speech Technology at Radboud University Nijmegen. A dependency parser, a base phrase chunker, anda named-entity recognizer module were added more recently. Where possible, Frog makes use ofmulti-processor support to run subtasks in parallel.
Various (re)programming rounds have been made possible through funding byNWO, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, particularly underthe CGN project, the IMIX programme, the Implicit Linguistics project, theCLARIN-NL programme and the CLARIAH programme.
What does it do?
Frog's current version will tokenize, tag, lemmatize, and morphologically segment word tokens in Dutch text files, will assign a dependency graph to each sentence, will identify the base phrase chunks in the sentence, and will attempt to find and label all named entities.
Frog produces FoLiA XML, or tab-delimited column-formatted output, one line per token, that looks as follows:
The ten columns contain the following information:
- Token number (resets every sentence)
- Token
- Lemma (according to MBLEM)
- Morphological segmentation (according to MBMA)
- PoS tag (CGN tagset; according to MBT)
- Confidence in the POS tag, a number between 0 and 1, representing the probability mass assigned to the best guess tag in the tag distribution
- Named entity type, identifying person (PER), organization (ORG), location (LOC), product (PRO), event (EVE), and miscellaneous (MISC), using a BIO (or IOB2) encoding
- Base (non-embedded) phrase chunk in BIO encoding
- Token number of head word in dependency graph (according to CSI-DP)
- Type of dependency relation with head word
Documentation
The Frog manual is available here. It describes in detail how to install Frog, how to use it, as well as explains the underlying principles upon which Frog is built.
The API reference is available from here.
References
If you use Frog for your own work, please cite the following paper:
Van den Bosch, A., Busser, G.J., Daelemans, W., and Canisius, S. (2007).An efficient memory-based morphosyntactic tagger and parser for Dutch, In F. van Eynde, P. Dirix, I. Schuurman, and V. Vandeghinste (Eds.), Selected Papers of the 17th Computational Linguistics in the Netherlands Meeting, Leuven, Belgium, pp. 99-114
Credits and Contact Information
Frog, formerly known as Tadpole and before that as MB-TALPA, was coded byBertjan Busser, Ko van der Sloot, Maarten van Gompel, and Peter Berck,subsuming code by Sander Canisius (constraint satisfaction inference-baseddependency parser), Antal van den Bosch (MBMA, MBLEM, tagger-lemmatizerintegration), Jakub Zavrel (MBT), and Maarten van Gompel (Ucto). In the contextof the CLARIN-NL infrastructure project TTNWW, Frederik Vaassen (CLiPS,Antwerp) created the base phrase chunking module, and Bart Desmet (LT3, Ghent)provided the data for the named-entity module.
Maarten van Gompel designed the FoLiA XML output format that Frog produces,and also wrote a Frog client in Python. Wouter van Atteveldt wrote a Frogclient in R.
The development of Frog relies on earlier work and ideas from Ko van derSloot (lead programmer of MBT and TiMBL and the TiMBL API), Walter Daelemans,Jakub Zavrel, Peter Berck, Gert Durieux, and Ton Weijters.
The development and improvement of Frog also relies on your bug reports,suggestions, and comments. Use the github issue trackeror mail lamasoftware (at) science.ru.nl.
Download & Installation
Frog is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the termsof the GNU General PublicLicense as published by the Free SoftwareFoundation.
To download and install Frog:
- First check if there are up-to-date packagesincluded in your distribution's package manager. There are packages forDebian,Ubuntu and ArchLinux.
- If not, we strongly recommend you use our LaMachine software distribution,which includes Frog and all necessary dependencies, and runs on Linux, BSD andMac OS X. It can also run as a virtual machine under any host OS.
- Alternatively, you can always download, compile and install Frog manually, as shown next.
Manual installation
Because of file sizes and to cleanly separate code from data, the data and configuration files for the modules of Frog have been packaged separately:
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To compile these manually consult the included INSTALL documents, you will need current versions of the following dependencies of our software:
- ticcutils - A shared utility library
- libfolia - A library for the FoLiA format.
- ucto - A rule-based tokenizer
- timbl - The memory-based classifier engine
- timblserver - For server functionality around Timbl
- mbt - The memory-based tagger
- icu - A C++ library for Unicode and Globalization support. On Debian/Ubuntu systems, install the package libicu-dev.
- libxml2 - An XML library. On Debian/Ubuntu systems install the package libxml2-dev.
- A sane build environment with a C++ compiler (e.g. gcc or clang), autotools, libtool, pkg-config
As well as the following 3rd party dependencies:
Usage instructions: Making Frog leap
To let Frog leap, simply invoking frog without arguments will produce alist of available commandline options. Some main options are:
- frog -t [file] will run all modules on the text in [file].
- frog --testdir=[dir] will let Frog process all files in the directory [dir].
- frog -S [port] starts up a Frog server listening on port number [port].
- With --skip=[mptnc] you can tell Frog to skip tokenization (t), base phrase chunking (c), named-entity recognition (n), multi-word unit chunking for the parser (m), or parsing (p).
Frog can be used from Python through the python-frog binding, whichhas to be obtained separately unless you are using LaMachine. A python-frog exampleis shown below:
If you want to connect to the Frog server using Python, then you can use theFrog client included in PyNLPl(also included as part of LaMachine).
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Wouter van Atteveldt has developed aFrog client for R, frogr. This package containsfunctions for connecting to a Frog server from R and creating a document-termmatrix from the resulting tokens. Since this yields a standard term-documentmatrix, it can be used with other R packages e.g. for corpus analysis or textclassification using RTextTools.
Machiel Molenaar developed a Frog client for Go, aptly named gorf.
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Notice: we are in the process of writing a reference guide for Frog that explains all options in detail.
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Memory and speed considerations
Without the dependency parser, Frog will process about 900 words per second,and consume 542 MB on a 64-bit Linux architecture. With the parser, Frog'sspeed reduces to about 200 words per second, taking just under 1200 MB ofmemory; you have been warned.